Medical tourism in Moscow

• Surgery of the upper urinary tract (surgical treatment of hydronephrosis, cystic dysplasia, kidney cysts, quantitative kidney abnormalities, non-functioning kidney, single kidney, dystopic kidney, double kidney and ureter). • Surgery of the lower urinary tract (surgical and intraluminal treatment of vesicoureteral reflux, ureterohydronephrosis/meagurethera, bladder diverticula, ureterocele, bladder polyps). • Surgical treatment of urolithiasis (retrograde intrarenal surgery using a disposable flexible ureterorenoscope, contact ureterolithotripsy, percutaneous laser nephrolitholapaxy, contact laser lithotripsy of bladder calculi). • Surgical treatment of inguinal, umbilical hernias, and hernias of the linea alba using minimally invasive techniques. • Operative andrology. Surgical treatment of cryptorchidism (including abdominal and recurrent forms), hydrocele of the testicular membranes, cysts of the spermatic cord, epididymis, and scrotum, surgical treatment of phimosis and volumetric formations of the foreskin and penis (pigmented nevi, dermoid cysts, atheromas, etc.). • Treatment of neurogenic dysfunction of the lower urinary tract (neurogenic bladder, nocturnal enuresis, etc.).

• Diagnosis and treatment of ear, throat, and nose disorders, including tonsillitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, otitis, tracheitis, pharyngitis, deafness and hearing loss, and sinusitis. • Hearing-restoring surgeries.

• Reconstructive surgery of the urinary tract: Management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction, megaureter, vesicoureteral reflux, and complex ureteral strictures; extensive experience in ureteral reimplantation (extravesical and intravesical techniques), pyeloplasty (open, laparoscopic), and Boari flap ureteroneocystostomy where indicated. • Urethral surgery: Reconstruction of anterior and posterior urethral strictures of traumatic, iatrogenic, and inflammatory etiology, including staged and substitution urethroplasty (buccal mucosa graft, skin grafts, and fasciocutaneous flaps). • Pediatric urogenital reconstruction: Specialized surgical care for children with congenital anomalies, including hypospadias, epispadias, disorders of sex development (DSD), and cloacal malformations. Multidisciplinary management in collaboration with pediatric endocrinologists, geneticists, and psychologists. • Endourology and stone disease: Surgical treatment of nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis using percutaneous mini-nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL), retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), and semirigid/flexible ureterorenoscopy with holmium laser lithotripsy. Emphasis on radiation-sparing protocols and same-day discharge pathways. • Surgical andrology: Microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy using an operating microscope; surgical management of hydrocele, spermatocele, epididymal cysts, and cryptorchidism (including laparoscopic Fowler–Stephens orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testes). • Disorders of sex development and gender incongruence: Reconstructive genital surgery in patients with DSD, including feminizing and masculinizing genitoplasty, gonadectomy, and staged reconstruction as part of a comprehensive gender-affirming care pathway. • Abdominal wall surgery: Repair of inguinal and umbilical hernias in pediatric and adult populations, utilizing both open and laparoscopic techniques with mesh and tension-free principles where appropriate. Surgical Approaches and Technological Integration • Minimally invasive platforms: Conventional laparoscopy. • Endoluminal interventions: Ureteroscopy, cystoscopy, and percutaneous nephrostomy-guided procedures. • Microsurgery: Operating microscope-assisted procedures for spermatic cord pathology and penile reconstruction.

Specialist in rehabilitation of skeletal trauma, combined trauma, mine-blast trauma in children, conservative treatment of scoliosis, posture disorders, rehabilitation after joint surgeries (knee, shoulder, elbow) – on the ligamentous apparatus, menisci in children and adolescents

Assessment of the cardiovascular system and vascular endothelial function in patients with various gynecological pathologies and in pregnant women Diagnosis of various intrauterine fetal pathologies Prenatal medicine and fetal surgery

Proficient in all types of surgical interventions in gynecology: abdominal, laparoscopic, laparotomic, and vaginal approaches, including minor gynecological procedures. Utilizes modern minimally invasive technologies in practice. Surgical Interventions • Organ-preserving surgeries for various forms of endometriosis: removal of endometrioid cysts, excision of infiltrates, etc. • Reconstructive and plastic surgeries for infertility, adhesive disease, and chronic pelvic pain. • Hysterectomy – via laparoscopic, vaginal, and laparotomic approaches. • Hysteroresectoscopic surgeries: resection of submucous myomatous nodes and polyps, incision and excision of intrauterine septa, destruction of synechiae, ablation and resection of the endometrium. • Organ-preserving surgeries for ectopic pregnancy. • Surgical correction of isthmic-cervical insufficiency (via laparoscopic and vaginal approaches). • Reconstructive surgeries for cicatricial deformity of the cervix. • Organ-preserving treatment for benign ovarian diseases. • Removal of benign uterine formations (myomatous and adenomatous nodes of any location) with preservation of reproductive function. Urogynecology and Correction of Pelvic Organ Prolapse • Surgical treatment for pelvic organ prolapse – using native tissues and mesh implants. • Treatment of urinary incontinence, including sling operations. • Subfascial colpoperineorrhaphy. • Correction of cervical elongation.

Leading specialist in renal immunopathology, secondary kidney involvement in systemic diseases, plasma cell dyscrasias, transplant pathology, urgent nephrology, and life-threatening kidney damage in pregnant women. Leading federal consultant in nephrology.

Conducts screening for autoimmune diseases. When an autoimmune disease is identified, applies timely and appropriate treatment methods to prevent disease progression.

Expert in the fields of Urology and Urologic Oncology. Proficient in all modern methods of examination and treatment of urological patients, including a wide range of surgical interventions under ultrasound and X-ray television guidance, as well as laparoscopic procedures. Pioneered a number of surgical procedures in the Russian Federation: laparoscopic resection of a renal transplant, laparoscopic removal of a renal transplant, laparoscopic bilateral transplantectomy (renal transplants), and laparoscopic simultaneous bilateral nephroureterectomy with cystoprostatovesiculectomy as a single block.

Expert in vitreoretinal surgery, cataract surgery (including complicated cases), glaucoma surgery, and laser intraocular surgery.

Cataract surgery with implantation of all models of intraocular lenses (toric, multifocal, extended depth of focus, hybrid). Intravitreal drug administration. Repositioning with intraocular lens suturing. Surgeries on the adnexa of the eye.

Specialist in the fields of Urology and Urologic Oncology. Primary scientific and clinical focus areas include: combined treatment of high-risk prostate cancer (High-Dose-Rate brachytherapy and radical prostatectomy), renal cell carcinoma in transplanted kidneys and organ-sparing surgery for renal transplants, and endourological interventions for urolithiasis and ureteral strictures.

Expert in ear microsurgery: performs all types of tympanoplasty, ossiculoplasty, and stapedoplasty, including reconstructive interventions for chronic otitis media, including those complicated by cholesteatoma. In endoscopic rhinosurgery, specializes in functional operations for chronic sinusitis, polyposis, nasal septum deviation, and nasal septum perforation repair.

Performs all types of surgical interventions: in obstetric practice: operative and vaginal deliveries; cesarean section for placenta accreta; simultaneous myomectomies and cystectomies during operative delivery; in gynecological practice (myomectomy via transvaginal, laparoscopic, and laparotomic approaches; hysterectomy (via vaginal, laparoscopic, and laparotomic approaches); surgeries for pelvic organ prolapse, ovarian masses, and others.

Expert in the management of post-kidney transplant patients and treatment of patients at all stages of chronic kidney disease. Actively utilizes remote patient monitoring capabilities through an online platform. Develops and implements innovative principles for managing kidney transplant recipients, employing morphological, immunological, and molecular genetic diagnostics, monitoring and adjustment of immunosuppressive therapy, treatment of various pathologies of the renal transplant, and management of infectious complications of immunosuppressive therapy.

Dr. Azrapkina performs all types of surgical interventions: myomectomy via transvaginal, laparoscopic, and laparotomic approaches; hysterectomy (via vaginal, laparoscopic, and laparotomic approaches); hysteroscopy; surgeries for pelvic organ prolapse, ovarian masses, and others.

Expert in middle ear surgery: performing various types of canal wall down and hearing improvement procedures, removal of benign temporal bone neoplasms, and performing functional endoscopic surgeries for diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Areas of work: Hysteroscopy, separate diagnostic curettage; hysteroresectoscopy, polypectomy, myomectomy, excision of the intrauterine septum; artificial termination of pregnancy, biopsy/conization of the cervix; suturing of vaginal ruptures; removal of the bartholin gland cyst; diagnostic laparoscopy; laparoscopic operations on the uterine appendages, supravaginal amputation of the uterus, extirpation of the uterus, myomectomy, treatment infiltrative forms of endometriosis; laparoscopic operations of any degree of complexity to solve infertility problems; vaginal surgery (plastic surgery of the vaginal walls, plastic surgery of the cervix, extirpation of the uterus); Manchester surgery.

He is proficient in a wide range of surgical and minimally invasive techniques for treating pathologies of the central and peripheral nervous system. His area of expertise includes: surgical interventions for severe traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Surgical treatment of degenerative and dystrophic diseases of the spine (including intervertebral hernias and stenosis). Emergency neurosurgical care for urgent conditions (consequences of ischemic strokes, hemorrhages). Conducting therapeutic and medication‑based blockades to relieve persistent pain syndromes.

Surgical treatment of patients with malignant neoplasms of the head and neck organs. Applies low-traumatic and organ-preserving surgical techniques for tumor removal using a modern laser unit and video endoscopic equipment, performs the full range of reconstructive and plastic surgeries, both simultaneous and delayed.

The doctor provides both conservative and surgical treatment for acute and chronic diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. He specializes in microsurgical procedures, including adenotomy, tonsillotomy, tonsillectomy, septoplasty, video-endoscopic sinus surgery, conchoplasty (vasotomy), tympanoplasty, and others. His practice encompasses all types of endoscopic microsurgical interventions of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, skull base, and laryngeal structures.

He specializes in performing full‑range neurosurgical procedures, including the removal of intervertebral hernias, and also pays special attention to revascularization surgeries on the brain.

He has unique experience in the treatment and diagnosis of gynecological diseases, which allows him to use the most modern and high‑tech methods. In surgical treatment, minimally invasive videoendosurgical techniques are widely used. At present, the main surgical approaches in gynecological operations are: laparoscopic; vaginal; using modern endoscopic and radio‑wave devices, which leads to an intensification of the treatment process, a reduction in postoperative hospital stay, a decrease in postoperative complications, and helps to reduce blood loss.

Dr. Bolshakov provides treatment and prevention of diseases of the eye and its adnexa, as well as performs glasses prescription. He carries out conservative management and surgical treatment of various eye diseases, and treatment of hemophthalmos and inflammatory conditions.

Osteosynthesis of limb bones (intramedullary locked osteosynthesis, extramedullary osteosynthesis using locking plates, extrafocal compression-distraction osteosynthesis), osteosynthesis of pelvic bones, endoprosthetics, including robotic, of the knee, hip, and shoulder joints.

He is proficient in various methods of limb osteosynthesis, including internal osteosynthesis using external and intramedullary constructs, as well as external fixation devices, both in the form of staged treatment and using the Ilizarov apparatus. In pelvic surgery, he is proficient in applying devices, including rod‑based ones and those based on the Ilizarov method, as well as C‑frames, extraperitoneal pelvic tamponade, minimally invasive fixation of the sacrum and sacroiliac joint with screws, osteosynthesis, and fixation of the anterior parts of the pelvic ring with plates, a pin, and screws, and the posterior parts with plates.

Provides treatment to patients with all types of diseases of the thoracic organs: primary and metastatic lung cancer, secondary malignant neoplasms of the lungs, mediastinal tumors, malignant neoplasms of the trachea, chest wall, and diaphragm. The priority area of work is the performance of organ-preserving operations for primary and metastatic lung cancer. Performance of minimally invasive procedures that allow all types of diagnostic operations aimed at clarifying or verifying the diagnosis in tumor diseases of the lungs and chest.

Endoprosthetic replacement of large joints; Revision endoprosthetic replacement of the hip and knee joints; Reconstructive surgeries on the ankle joint; Reconstructive surgeries on the feet; Osteosynthesis of bones in various body segments; Conservative treatment of patients with pathology of the musculoskeletal system.

Surgery for arterial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations, performing open, endovascular, and combined interventions, both in the acute period of hemorrhage and on a planned basis; Surgical interventions for occlusive-stenotic lesions (stenoses and occlusions) of the brachiocephalic arteries / surgical interventions for revascularization of the cerebral hemispheres due to ischemic cerebrovascular disorders, transient ischemic attacks, and also to prevent their occurrence. Minimally invasive, endoscopic interventions for patients with intracerebral hematomas resulting from hemorrhagic stroke; surgical treatment for patients with a malignant course of ischemic stroke; surgical treatment for cavernous angiomas located in hard-to-reach areas; surgical treatment of Kimmerle anomaly, minimally invasive interventions using the author’s technique. Surgical treatment for degenerative and dystrophic diseases of the spine, herniated intervertebral discs, and stenosis of the spinal canal in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions of the spine; treatment of spinal fractures using modern minimally invasive types of reconstructive and stabilizing surgeries (percutaneous interventions, transpedicular and pediculolaminar fixation). Surgery for traumatic brain injury in the acute phase: brain injuries (brain contusions of varying degrees, diffuse axonal injury), acute intracranial hematomas, fractures of the bones of the calvarium and base of the skull, gunshot traumatic brain injuries; reconstructive surgeries on the skull and brain in cases of complex defects and deformities of the skull. Consequences of traumatic brain injury: post‑traumatic defects and deformities of the calvaria and base of the skull using 3D modeling, intracranial foreign bodies, chronic hematomas and hydromas, cerebrospinal fluid fistulas of the base of the skull (nasal, ear, ocular, wound cerebrospinal fluid leakage), meningoencephalocele, porrocephaly, pneumocephalus; surgical treatment of hydrocephalus using modern shunt systems, including endoscopic tricavitary stenting. Surgical treatment for inflammatory diseases of the brain and spine, abscesses, and spondylodiscitis; complications of traumatic brain injury — post‑traumatic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, ventriculitis, empyemas, brain abscess, epidural abscess, osteomyelitis of the skull bones, wound suppuration, subcutaneous phlegmons, sinus and venous thrombosis, necrosis of the skull bones and soft tissues of the head; treatment of pathological fractures in patients with osteoporosis who are elderly or of advanced age; percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporosis; surgical treatment of chronic vertebrogenic pain syndrome, facet joint blockade, radiofrequency denervation; treatment of the consequences of injuries and diseases of the peripheral nervous system, tunnel syndromes, compression neuropathies of the median nerve, ulnar nerve.

Treatment of patients diagnosed with: Cerebral infarctions (ischemic strokes) of all pathogenetic types Transient ischemic attacks Hemorrhagic strokes and subarachnoid hemorrhages